Solving large-scale tour scheduling problems

For a given planning horizon, workforce composition and set of labor requirements, personnel scheduling often reduces to solving three problems. The first is concerned with the assignment of days off; the second involves assigning workers to shifts during the day; and the third involves the construction of weekly tours. In many manufacturing facilities, tour scheduling is easy because the start and end times of shifts are invariant, and no work takes place on the weekend. But when daily patterns vary, such as in the airlines, processing, and public service industries, and when part-timers make up a portion of the workforce, the complexity of the overall problem increases dramatically. This paper presents a new methodology for solving the combined shift and days-off scheduling problem when the labor requirements span less than 24 hours per day. The authors begin with an integer programming formulation and then introduce a set of aggregate variables and related cuts. When the aggregate variables are fixed the original problem decomposes into seven subproblems (one for each day of the week) that are much easier to solve. A partial enumeration scheme and a heuristic for ensuring feasibility are employed to find upper and lower bounds which converge rapidly to near-optima. The methodology is appiled to tour scheduling at general mail facilities (GMFs). These facilities are located in most urban areas and process millions of mail pieces daily for local and regional distribution. The model accounts for the principal constraints in the U.S. Postal Service labor contract, including half-hour breaks, minimum full-time to part-time ratios, and variable start times. Also considered are four and five day work weeks, and the possibility of assigning workers across labor categories. A full analysis of the Providence, Rhode Island facility is presented.