Fresh‐product supply chain management with logistics outsourcing

We consider a supply chain in which a producer supplies a fresh product, through a third‐party logistics (3PL) provider, to a distant market where a distributor purchases and sells it to end customers. The product is perishable, both the quantity and quality of which may deteriorate during the process of transportation. The market demand is random, sensitive to the selling price as well as the freshness of the product. We derive the optimal decisions for the three supply chain members, including the 3PL provider's transportation fee, the producer's shipping quantity and wholesale price, and the distributor's purchasing quantity and retail price. We find that the presence of the 3PL provider in the supply chain has a significant impact on its performance. We propose an incentive scheme to coordinate the supply chain. The scheme consists of two contracts, including a wholesale‐market clearance (WMC) contract between the producer and the distributor, and a wholesale‐price‐discount sharing (WDS) contract between the producer and the 3PL provider. We show that the proposed contracts can eliminate the two sources of ‘double marginalization’ that exist in the three‐tier supply chain, and induce the three parties to act in a coordinated way.