Affirmative action in higher education: Costs, benefits, and implementation

This article discusses the costs and benefits of implementing affirmative action programs in higher education. Based on a national survey of institutions of higher education the author addresses the following questions: What factors impede the ability of the affirmative action officer to achieve program results? What is the effect of staff size, budget, and race on perceived implementation barriers? This study finds that increased impediments to affirmative action program efficacy are greatly affected by program resources and race.