Fractional integro-differential calculus and its control-theoretical applications. II. Fractional dynamic systems: Modeling and hardware implementation

The review was devoted to describing the dynamics of various systems and control processes in terms of the fractional integro‐differential calculus. Consideration was given to particular types of the fractional differential equations and models of the fractional dynamic systems. Qualitative dynamics and the issues of stability and controllability of such systems were discussed. The analog and digital implementations of the fractional operations with the use of electrical and optical circuits were presented, as well as the models and methods of hardware implementation of the fractional controllers.