X‐ray cargo inspection for enhancing the maritime safety and security: a case study of international container ports

As the international container traffic continues to rise, there is a growing concern over the potential exploitation of cargo containers as means of terror and other illegal activities. Though relatively sturdy and easier to handle, a cargo container for international traffic poses a greater security risk, since it may be used to smuggle contraband, narcotics, terrorists/pirates, pests, hazardous materials, and explosives (e.g., dirty bombs, and nuclear weapons). Nevertheless, it is impractical to inspect every single container for potential security breaches considering the volume of container traffic and lengthened customs procedures. In particular, the inspection of the inside of a container is always challenging. To cope with such a challenge, many port authorities either have used or consider using the X‐ray scanning equipment to inspect suspected containers. Despite its increased role in maritime security management, many logistics companies and government authorities still do not know whether investment in X‐ray scanning equipment would pay off and/or how efficiently and effectively X‐ray scanning equipment can be utilised for cargo inspection. Through a case study, this paper identifies a multitude of factors that facilitate or hinder the usage of X‐ray scanning equipment in the maritime logistics industry.