Shape optimization of structures under earthquake loadings

The optimum design of structures under static loads is well‐known in the design world; however, structural optimization under dynamic loading faces many challenges in real applications. Issues such as the time‐dependent behavior of constraints, changing the design space in the time domain, and the cost of sensitivities could be mentioned. Therefore, optimum design under dynamic loadings is a challenging task. In order to perform efficient structural shape optimization under earthquake loadings, the finite element‐based approximation method for the transformation of earthquake loading into the equivalent static loads (ESLs) is proposed. The loads calculated using this method are more accurate and reliable than those obtained using the building regulations. The shape optimization of the structures is then carried out using the obtained ESLs. The proposed methodologies are transformed into user‐friendly computer code, and their capabilities are demonstrated using numerical examples.