A complex discrete warm standby system with loss of units

A redundant complex discrete system is modelled through phase type distributions. The system is composed of a finite number of units, one online and the others in a warm standby arrangement. The units may undergo internal wear and/or accidental external failures. The latter may be repairable or non‐repairable for the online unit, while the failures of the standby units are always repairable. The repairability of accidental failures for the online unit may be independent or not of the time elapsed up to their occurrence. The times up to failure of the online unit, the time up to accidental failure of the warm standby ones and the time needed for repair are assumed to be phase‐type distributed. When a non‐repairable failure occurs, the corresponding unit is removed. If all units are removed, the system is then reinitialized. The model is built and the transient and stationary distributions determined. Some measures of interest associated with the system, such as transition probabilities, availability and the conditional probability of failure are achieved in transient and stationary regimes. All measures are obtained in a matrix algebraic algorithmic form under which the model can be applied. The results in algorithmic form have been implemented computationally with Matlab. An optimization is performed when costs and rewards are present in the system. A numerical example illustrates the results and the CPU (Central Processing Unit) times for the computation are determined, showing the utility of the algorithms.