Value‐based DEA models: application‐driven developments

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is an approach based on linear programming to assess the relative efficiency of peer decision‐making units (DMUs). Typically, each DMU is free to choose the weights of the factors used in its evaluation. However, the evaluator's preferences may not warrant so much freedom. Several approaches have been proposed to allow the incorporation of managerial preferences in DEA, but few address the additive DEA model specifically. This paper presents additive DEA models that use multi‐criteria decision analysis concepts to incorporate managerial preferences, and presents the corresponding preference elicitation protocols. The models developed allow the incorporation of preferences at different levels: on valuing performance improvements, on introducing weight restrictions, and on finding adequate targets. These were application‐driven developments, resulting from discussing modelling options and preliminary results with the top‐level management of a retail chain in the context of an assessment of stores’ performance, also described in this paper.