Using system dynamics principles for conceptual modelling of publicly funded hospitals

This paper examines the long‐standing operational issue of patients boarding in the emergency department (ED), who have been admitted to hospital (inpatient ‘boarders’). From this analysis we design a conceptual model that provides a roadmap to create sustainable improvements in ED waiting times. The conceptual model is built using system dynamics methodology, and illustrates the use of system archetypes, a set of common causal feedback loops that illustrate how well‐intended decisions have unintentional side effects. This paper outlines the journey taken by one large academic health centre to address these issues, and highlights the larger implications and recommendations that are applicable to other publicly funded hospitals.