Given a simple, undirected graph G, Budinich (2003) proposed a lower bound on the clique number of G by combining the quadratic programming formulation of the clique number due to Motzkin and Straus (1965) with the spectral decomposition of the adjacency matrix of G. This lower bound improves the previously known spectral lower bounds on the clique number that rely on the Motzkin–Straus formulation. In this paper, we give a simpler, alternative characterization of this lower bound. For regular graphs, this simpler characterization allows us to obtain a simple, closed-form expression of this lower bound as a function of the positive eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix. Our computational results shed light on the quality of this lower bound in comparison with the other spectral lower bounds on the clique number.
