Determinants of passenger transfer waiting time at multi-modal connecting stations

This paper formulates a model to represent the transfer waiting time for a connecting service at multi-modal stations, where waiting time considers the characteristics of both the connecting service and its feeder services. Numerical simulation results show that transfer waiting time is mainly affected by the capacities and headways of the connecting and feeder services. Simulations also show that compared with the effects of connecting service variables, the corresponding variables of the feeder service usually have greater influences on transfer waiting time. In general, simulation results suggest that multi-modal operations, transfer waiting time cannot be improved without operational coordination with the feeder service.