A pareto optimum congestion reduction scheme

This article shows that certain congestion reduction schemes have the potential for not penalizing anyone. The traditional social welfare approach is modified to address the distribution of gains and losses across the population. As a first step in this line of research, the paper considers a transportation system where congestion delay is simply given by a function of its user flow. It shows that a particular pricing scheme with variable tolls, that can be viewed as hybrid between rationing and pricing, can benefit everyone (unlike pure pricing alone) even if the collected revenues are not returned to the population. The simple conditions under which this is possible are identified. Few data are needed to choose a beneficial policy. Examples are given.