Alternative approaches toward containing transport externalities: An international comparison

This paper is concerned with the various approaches available for handling the negative environmental external costs of transport. It looks at the nature of the policy tools that are available and sets them in the context of the different environmental problems that are confronted. The nature of political regimes is important both for the likely intensity of environmental policy and for the types of policy instruments that are favoured. Even within democracies, however, there is a tendency to favour command-and-control instruments over fiscal policies and the reasons behind this are examined.